Should I include references on my resume?

I’m actively updating my resume for multiple job applications across different industries, and I’m encountering conflicting advice—some sources say listing references directly on the resume saves time for employers, while others argue it clutters the document and shifts focus away from my qualifications. I’m concerned about seeming presumptuous by providing unsolicited references but also worry that omitting them might make recruiters question my readiness or professionalism. Given that I’ve seen references included in some resumes I admire but excluded in others, I want to ensure I’m not making a mistake that could cost me opportunities. Should I include references on my resume, and if so, what’s the best way to format this section without making my resume look overcrowded or outdated? Additionally, when is it better to omit references entirely and simply state that they’re “available upon request”?

Should I include references on my resume?

It is generally not recommended to include references directly on your resume. Here’s why and what you should do instead:

1. Space Optimization: Your resume has limited space that should be dedicated to showcasing your skills, experience, and achievements. References consume valuable real estate that could better highlight your qualifications.

2. Unnecessary Statement: Including "References available upon request" is redundant because employers assume you will provide references when asked. This phrase adds no value to your resume.

3. Privacy Concerns: Listing references puts your professional contacts’ information publicly available, which they may not appreciate since resumes can be shared electronically.

4. Timing: References are typically needed only later in the hiring process, usually after interviews. Prematurely providing references may put your references in an uncomfortable position before you actually need them.

5. Professional Convention: Modern resume writing standards generally omit references from the document itself.

Instead:

• Have a separate document prepared with your references (name, title, company, relationship, email, phone) that you can provide when specifically requested.
• Include a single line in your cover letter or indicate during interviews that you are happy to provide references upon request.
• Choose 3-5 professional references who can speak to your abilities and work ethic.
• Always ask permission before listing someone as a reference and keep them informed about your job search.

Some exceptions exist for specific industries or situations, but in most cases, keeping your reference list separate is considered best practice.